Tagged Lice Help Researchers Study Social Interactions of Shy Brown Mouse Lemurs

ScienceDaily (Mar. 26, 2012) — It can be difficult to uncover the behavior of small, shy, nocturnal primates like the brown mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus), especially in the dense rainforests of Madagascar where this lemur lives. New research published in BioMed Central's open access journal BMC Ecology shows that the social interactions of brown mouse lemurs can be monitored by mapping the transfer of tagged lice.

Brown mouse lemurs are the only known host of the parasitic louse Lemurpediculus verruculosus. The lice have evolved to stay attached to the sparse hair on the lemurs' ears, where they feed on the lemur's blood, and can only survive for a few hours if separated from their host. Most transfer of lice between hosts is therefore by direct contact. Sarah Zohdy from the University of Helsinki tagged individual lice from trapped lemurs using colored nail varnish to see if they were transmitted during social interactions between hosts in the wild.

The team of researchers from Finland, USA, and Madagascar, found that the lice were transferred between 43% of the population -- all of them males. The lice were found on their ears, testes, and eyelids and the pattern of louse transfer provided new information about the habits of these hard-to-study creatures.

Read on:  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120326112923.htm

Pubic hair provides evolutionary home for gorilla lice

11 February 2009 10:29
BioMed Central Limited

There are two species of lice that infest humans: pubic lice, Pthirus pubis, and human head and body lice, Pediculus humanus. A new article in BioMed Central’s open access Journal of Biology suggests one explanation for the separation of the two species.

In the article, Robert Weiss from University College London describes how he was struck by inspiration while pondering the question of why lice would separate into two groups when our ancestors are quite uniformly hairy, “I was having difficulty envisioning a clear separation of habitats between the groin and other parts of our
ancient common ancestor. My ‘eureka moment’ came, appropriately enough, in the shower: although naked apes have pubic hair, surely our hairy cousins don’t?”

Pthirus pubis, popularly known as crabs, evolved from the structurally similar gorilla louse, Pthirus gorillae. Interestingly however, while genetic analysis carried out by David Reed at the University of Florida indicates that this split occurred around 3.3 million years ago, humans are believed to have diverged from gorillas much earlier - at least 7 million years ago - suggesting that early humans somehow caught pubic lice from their gorilla cousins. Happily, this may not be as sordid as it sounds. According to Weiss, “Before one conjures up a King Kong scenario, it should be noted that predators can pick up parasites from their prey.

The close contact involved in human ancestors butchering gorillas could have enabled Pthirus to jump hosts, rather as bushmeat slaughter practices allowed HIV to invade humans from chimpanzees in modern times.”

So, while head lice may be viewed as a ‘family heirloom’, inherited down the generations as humans have evolved, pubic lice may well be a recent and slightly unwelcome gift from the more hirsute branch of our evolutionary family.

* Full bibliographic information: Apes, lice and prehistory
Robin A Weiss
Journal of Biology 2009, 8:20 doi:10.1186/jbiol114
http://jbiol.com/content/8/2/20